sabu's article is informative.but he has omitted to mention about malabar devaswam board
and the recent take over of many temples.the main point is nowadays, devaswam boards
are not serving the purpose for which they are constituted.condition of temples except the rich ones
are pathetic.corruption,nepotism,favouratism are more rampant today.temples are considered as milk cows by the government.
atheists, who have no faith or reverence for the temples are managing them.why funds from.guruvayur and sabri mala temples
cannot be used for renovation of other temples.temple funds should be used for only temples.those who are against temple culture
should not expect to receive bonanza from temples.double standards should not be applied only in the case of hindu institutions.
Dear Mr.Vimal Nair
I think you have to study theKeralahistory, to know why devaswam board ?Also the so calledHindusandHinduorganisations are asking only about thewealthytemples, why?There are lot of temples inKeralais not under devaswm board there is even no "nithya pooja" etcbecauseof nowealthand no one look after.Please read the history below...The system of forming Devaswoms is relatively new, a pratice started in late 17th century. Prior to that, most temples either had Brahmaswoms or Rajaswoms. In theBrahmaswomssystem, each temple and all of its assets are considered to be the private property of its chief priest, normally from BrahminNampoothirifamilies.Rajaswomsare where the properties belong to ruling feudal lords or Nair families or even smallroyal families. This system has created intense corruption as well as political rivalry, especially in case of Rajaswom ruled temples, thus losing sanctity. In many cases during wars, the rival army target the temples, as the opening of the temple gates to a rival army signals the defeat of ruling family.
Brahmaswoms were also challenged, on the grounds that many Nampoothiri families started misappropriating temple monies into personal funds which sometimes grew to rival that of the ruling families, which was considered a sign of arrogance and disrespect. With their great wealth some Nampoothiri families started meddling in politics, helping to decide who would be the next ruler by supporting one of the rival families.
The intense fragmentation of Kerala into small feudal states in 15th and 16th centuries caused Brahmaswoms and Rajaswoms to become more powerful, adding to political turmoils. In this sitution, powerful royal families like theZamorins, the Cochin royal family, the Venad and others, decided to curb the growing powers of Brahmaswoms and Rajaswoms, through the formation of Devaswoms. These were perceived as neutral bodies, governed by a group of trustees who were elected or nominated by the state, but which could be changed by royal decree.
Samoothiriwas one of the first rulers to implement this pratice, by curbing the powers of Malliserri Mana who ruled the Brahmaswom ofGuruvayur. Samoothiri Raja Mana Vikram annexed the temple, declared it to be state property and appointed a body of trustees which included the Chief of Malliseeri Mana as well as other leading local Nampoothiri and Nair families. Many temples inKozhikodefollowed suit.
When the political sovereignty of the Zamorin over Cochin ceased in 1762, the Cochin Maharaja started taking over most of the temples ruled by Nampoothiris and Nairs who had favoured the Zamorin. The immediate impact was the confiscation of properties at Yogaathiri (with Nampoothiri trustees) and Ooraalaars (Nair trustees), and the temples managed by them came under the administration of the state.
The most famous event of this kind was carried out bySakthan Thampuran, when he beheaded the chief priest of the Nampoothiri oracle, who refused to accept his sovereignty over the famousVadakkunnathan Temple. Most of the temples in the Cochin kingdom were annexed by the royal government during this period, and were handed over to newly-formed Devaswoms which accepted the ruler's sovereignty as well as allegiance to the deity.
The formation of Travancore itself can be attributed to the misuse of powers of the rajaswom ofSree Padmanabhaswamy TemplebyEttuveetil Pillai, which attempted to overshadow the powers of reigning Venad king and his kingdom. This generated an opportunity toMarthanda Varma, who finally succeeded in curbing the Ettuveetil Pillai and completing the annexation of the temple, which in turn led to the formation of the Travancore kingdom.
Ever since then, Travancore governments have implemented a policy of slow yet steady annexations of private temples and their assets, and forming Devaswoms for each temple[citation needed].
Colonel Munroe, the British Resident, appointed in 1812 asDiwanof the Cochin and Travancore kingdoms, was responsible for bringing effective controls on temples. Munroe recommended that all Devaswom properties be treated as government properties and the revenue from Devaswom be merged with the general revenues of the state. In addition, for the purpose of meeting the expenses of the temples,Pathiv(that is, a scale of expenditure on uthsavams, remuneration to temple staff, maintenance charges etc.) was proposed. These recommendations were accepted by the maharajas of Cochin and Travancore. A committee was constituted to study its implications in 1815. During the reign of maharaniGowri Parvati Bayiin Travancore, a royal decree was passed forming a Devaswom Board, and most of the temples in Travancore were brought under its control. A few large temples preferred to remain independent, although they declared their allegiance to the Travancore Devaswom Board and assured it they would follow all of its policies.
In the Cchin kingdom, a special commission was appointed to study the formation of Devaswom boards. After a study of 309 Devaswoms, 179 Devaswoms in Cochin state were classified as Sarkkar Devaswoms. Sixty-one Devaswoms were returned to ooraalaars, and another sixty-one were classified as Vazhipaat Devaswoms. This was a major step by the state government, which resulted in the state's acquisition of temple lands and the power to interfere in temple administration. All 179 of these temples were known as incorporated Devaswoms of which 24 were treated asKeezhetams(that is, subordinate to a more important temple). Subsequently, due either to mismanagement by Ooraalaars or under some other pretext, some more temples were taken over by the Sarkkar though their funds were kept separately. Each such Devaswom was called unincorporated Devaswom. Under the Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act of 1896, the government took over the management of Devaswoms which had been mismanaged. Such institutions were called assumed Devaswoms. In 1897 a separate Devaswom Department was formed under a superintendent and all incorporated and un-incorporated Devaswoms were brought under its control. Ten years later in 1907 these incorporated and un-incorporated Devaswoms were merged, and by a later amendment in 1916 a common trust fund was constituted as an endowment.
Both in Cochin and Travancore the head of the Department - hitherto known as superintendent - was re-designated as commissioner on 1st November 1926. Consequent on the integration of the princely states of Travancore and Cochin, the administration of Devaswoms in the Cochin State came under the Cochin Devaswom Board (CDB), constituted on 1st August 1949 under the articles of the covenant entered into by the rulers of Cochin and Travancore on 23rd June 1949. Both the groups of Devaswoms were brought under the Board, first by an ordinance and later by the Travancore Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act of 1950. On 16th June 1950 the Board was reconstituted. Apart from those temples governed by the CDB, a large number of private temples (known as Ooraanma temples) exists. Those private temples, which get grants from various state-owned Devaswom Boards are also known as Vazhipaat Devaswoms.
As per Travancore-Cochin Hindu Religious Institutions Act-1950, State Government of Kerala is responsible managing all temples of Kerala, except owned by those private families and private boards, listed in official Covenant signed between Travancore Ruler and Indian Government in 1949. However being a secular government, Kerala Government, is not allowed to interfere directly into temple affairs, rather only Government appointed Devaswom officials and board as such are authorized to do so. As a law and convention, all devaswom board members as well as officials also have sworn allegiance to Hindu faith and sworn to prime deity of each Devaswom Board.
Kerala also have a Devaswom Minister, in charge of all Devaswom related affairs.
--- On Mon, 8/22/11, vimal Nair <vimalnair2002@hotmail.com> wrote:From: vimal Nair <vimalnair2002@hotmail.com>Date: Monday, August 22, 2011, 10:31 PM
Subject: [www.keralites.net] QUESTION-WHY ONLY HINDU TEMPLES UNDER DEVASOM
To: keralites@yahoogroups.com
Dear Friends
Has any one thought about this. Is that whyonly Hindu Temples are under DevasomBoard. Why is that Kerala Government only concentrating only on Hindu Temples. Why are they not having a board for Churches and Mosque. They have more money than a Temple. Is this aGovernmentfear. They know very well if they touchChurches and Mosque, they get there finger and body burnt.
Or is that they can say and do anything for the Hindus. Is this because the Hindus are silent, broad minded and let them (Govt.) do what they want. Where is all the Organization ofHindus. Why are they keeping quiet. The recent remark by the an exauthority shows that they can rebuke, make any remark, abuse, destroy the tradition of Hinduism. Our state is considered to be an educated state.Where is all the educated mass. The study shows that any Temple under Trust function properly and systematically than a Temple under devasom board. Do the Government think that Hindu Temple has got more money than a Church and Mosque.A human being is born without any religion. Only the people has segregated this issue. This kind of apathy should be stopped by the Government. If they make a Board then this should be for all Or if they do not want any Board, then leave the Temples aside and leave it to the Trust.
Could anybody give an answer for all this.
Vimal Nair
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with warm regards
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V.K.KUTTY
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